Carrie Veal
Cardiovascular system - The heart and the structures that pump and its vessels
Pulmonary Circuit – Sends oxygen to the blood and lungs, and it will pick up oxygen and unload CO2
Systemic Circuit – Sends oxygen rich blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes waste
Pericardium – pericardial sac it is the covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels which it attaches
Epicardium – visceral pericardium protects heart by reducing friction
Myocardium – middle layer thick and consist of the cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers
Endocardium – Inner layer consists of epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Atria – The upper chamber have thin walls and receive blood returning to the heart
Auricles – small earlike projections extends anteriorly from the atria, increases atrial volume
Ventricles – Lower chambers force blood out of the heart into the arteries
Atrioventricular Orifice - The atrium communicates with the corresponding ventricle
Atrioventricular Sulcus - Encircles the heart between the atria and ventricles
Interventricular Sulci – (Anterior and Posterior) - Marks the septum that will separate the right and left ventricles
Tricuspid Valve - Heart valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Papillary Muscles – Muscle that extends inward from the ventricular walls of the heart and the which the chordate tendineae attach
Pulmonary valve – leading from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
Mitral valve - Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle bicuspid valve
Coronary Arteries – First two branches of the aorta called the right and left , supply blood to the tissues of the heart
Systole – heart chamber wall contracts, phase of contraction
Diastole – heart chamber wall relaxes
Functional Syncytium - Heart is joined electrically and the lack of cell boundaries appear as multinucleated structure
Cardiac Conduction system - Coordinates the events of the cardiac cycle
S-A Node - key portion of the conduction system , small elongated mass of specialized cardiac muscle tissue beneath the epicardium
Pacemaker – Cardiac muscle tissue that controls the rhythm of the heartbeat the sinoatrial node
A-V Node – Conducting fibers and a mass of cardiac muscle
A-V Bundle – cardiac impulse reaches the distal side of the A-V node it passes into a group of large fibers
Purkinje fibers – Muscle fibers that conduct the cardiac impulse from the A-V bundle into the ventricular walls
ECG – Electical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
Arteries – elastic vessels that are adapted for carrying the blood away from the heart under high pressure
Arterioles – vessels subdivide into progressively thinner tubes and enventually give rise to the finer branched
Vasconstriction – Decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel
Vasodilation – increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
Capillaries – smallest diameter blood vessels
Systolic pressure – Arterial blood pressure reached during the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle
Diastolic pressure – lowest arterial blood pressure reached during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle
Stroke Volume - The volume of blood that that is discharged with each heartbeat
Cardiac Output – volume of blood per min that the heart pumps
Blood Volume - the sum of the formed elements and the plasma volume in the vascular system
Peripheral Resistance – friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels
Viscosity – A fluid is a physical property that derives from the ease with which its molecules flow past one another.
End- Diastolic Volume (EDV) Volume of Blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
End-Systolic Volume (ESV) volume o blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole
Preload- It occurs when blood enters the ventricles myocardial fibers are mechanically stretched
Frank-Starling law of the heart – The relatively longer the cardiac muscle fibers, the greater the force of contraction
Contractility – amount of force produced during a contraction at a given preload, is influenced by autonomic innervations and hormones (epinephrine,norepinephrine, thyroid hormones)
Afterload – the force that the ventricle must produce to open the semilunar valves to eject blood. Hypertension increases afterload
Aortic Sinus – Swelling occurs in the aortic wall, behind each cusp of the semilunar valve that contains baroreceptors
Aortic Bodies – They are located within the epithelial lining of the aortic sinuses. These bodies contain chemoreceptor’s that sense blood concentrations of oxygen and CO2
Brachiocephalic artery – supplies blood to the tissues of the upper limb and head
Common Carotid Artery– carries blood to the right side of the neck and head
SUbclavian Artery- Leads into the right arm
Thoracic Aorta – Descending aorta above the diaphragm, it gives off many small branches to the thoracic wall and the thoracic viscera
Abdominal Aorta - is below the diaphragm and it is the descending aorta, it gives off branches to the abdominal wall and various abdominal organs
Celiac Artery – Single vessel gives rise to the left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries which supply upper portions of the digestive tract, the spleen and the liver
Phrenic Arteries – The paired arteries supply blood to the diaphragm
Superior Mesenteric Artery – The superior mesenteric artery is large, unpaired vessel that will branch to many parts of the intestinal tract, it includes the jejunum, ileum, cecum and the ascending colon and transverse colon
Suprarenal - The pair of vessels supplies blood to the adrenal glands
Renal Arteries – Laterally from the aorta to the kidneys. Each artery divides into several lobar branches within the kidney tissue
Gonadal arteries - Ovarian arteries arise from the aorta and pass into the pelvis to supply the ovaries. Spermatic Arteries originate in similar locations. They pass through the body wall by way of the inguinal canal to supply the testes
Inferior mesenteric artery – This single artery lead to the descending colon and the sigmoid colon and rectum
Lumbar arteries – Three or four pairs arise from the posterior surface of the aorta in the region of the lumbar vertebrae. These arteries supply muscles of the skin and the posterior abdominal wall
Middle Sacral Artery – A small single vessel descends medially from the aorta along the anterior surfaces of the lower lumbar vertebrae. It will carry blood to the sacrum and coccyx
Vertebral Arteries – Subclavian arteries in the base of the neck near the tips of the lungs. They pass upwards to the foramina of the transverse processes of the CSpine and enter the skull by the foramen magnum
Cerebral Arterial Circle – Circle of Willis located at the base of the brain, which connects the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery. Alternate pathways for blood to circumvent blockages and reach brain tissues
Thyrocervical Arteries – short vessels that give off branches at the thyrocervical axis to the thyroid gland, parathyroid, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and pharynx as well as to various muscles in the neck sjhoulder and back
Costocervical Arteries – third vessels to branch from the subclavians, carry blood to muscles in the neck back and thoracic wall
External carotid Artery – upward on the side of the head, giving off branches to structures in the neck, face, jaw, scalp, and base of the skull
Internal carotid artery – follows a deep course upward along the pharynx to the base of the skull. Entering the cranial cavity, provides major blood supply to the brain
Carotid Sinus – these structures contain baroreceptors that control blood pressure
Carotid Bodies – Small epithelial masses, found in the wall of the carotid sinus. Very vascular and contain chemoreceptor’s that act with those of the aortic bodies to regulate circulation and respiration
Axillary artery – Supplies branches to the axilla and the chest wall including the skin of the shoulder, part of the mammary gland the upper end of the humerus, the shoulder joint and muscles in the back, shoulder, chest.
Brachial artery - along the humerus to the elbow. Arterial network allows blood to reach the forearm even if a portion of the distal brachial artery becomes obstructed.
Ulnar Artery - leads downward on the ulnar side of the forearm to the wrist. Some of the branches join the anastomosis around the elbow joint. Others supply blood to flexor s and extensor muscles in the forearm
Radial artery – continuation of the brachial artery, travels along the radial side of the forearm to the wrist. Convenient t vessel for taking the pulse
Internal Thoracic artery - Vessel originates in the base of the neck and passes downward on the pleura and behind the cartilages of the upper six ribs
Common Iliac arteries – abdominal aorta divides it is at the level of the pelvic brim. These vessels provide blood to the pelvic oragans, gluteal, region and lower limbs
Internal iliac artery – gives off many branches to various pelvic muscles and visceral structures as well as the gluteal muscles and the external genitalia
External iliac artery – provides main blood supply to lower limbs. Passes downward along the brim of the pelvis and gives off two large branches an inferior epigastric artery and deep circumflex iliac artery.
Femoral Artery - passes close to the anterior surface of the upper thigh, gives off many branches to muscles and superficial tissues of the thigh. These braches also supply the skin of the groin area and lower abdominal wall
Popliteal artery - behind the knee, supply blood to the knee join and to certain muscles in the thigh and calf
Anterior Tibial Artery - passes downward between the tibia and the fibula giving off branches to the skin and muscles anterior and lateral regions of the leg.
Posterior Tibial Artery - larger of the two popliteal branches descends beneath the calf muscles, giving off branches to the skin, muscles and other tissues of the leg along the way
Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae – lead to the right atrium
External jugular veins - drain blood from the face, scalp and superficial regions of the neck. These vessels descend on either side of the neck, passin over the sternocleidomastoid muscles and beneath the platysma.
Internal juglar veins - larger than the external jugular veins, arise from numerous veins and venous sinuses of the brain and from deep veins in various parts of the face and the neck.
Brachiocephalic Vein – these vessels merge in the mediastinum and give rise to the superior vena cava which enters the right atrium
Basilic Vein - passes along the back of the forearm on the ulnar side for a distance and then curves forward to the anterior surface below the elbow
Cephalic Vein – courses upward on the lateral side of the upper limb from the hand to the shoulder.
Azygos Vein - dorsal abdominal wall and ascend through the mediastinum on the right side of the vertebral column to join the superior vena cava. It drains most of the muscular tissue in the abdominal and thoracic walls
Hepatic Portal vein - capillary networks of the stomach, intestines, pancreas and spleen and carry blood from these organs to the liver
Hepatic Sinusoids – blood enters the capillary
Hepatic Portal System – venous pathway
Hepatic Veins – Passes through the hepatic sinusoids of the liver, the blood in the hepatic portal system travels through a series of merging vessels. These veins empty into the inferior vena cava, returning the blood to the general circulation.
Popliteal Vein – at the level of the knee, these vessels form a single trunk
Femoral Vein – vein continues upward through the thigh
Small Saphenous vein – lateral portion of the foot and passes upward behind the lateral malleoulus. It goes along the back of the calf, enters the politeal fossa and joins the popliteal vein
Great Saphenous vein- longest vein in the body, originates on the medial side of the foot.
Internal iliac vein - is located in the pelvic region , it carrys blood away from organs of the reproductive, urinary and digestive systems.
Common iliac veins –these vessels in turn merge to produce the inferior vena cava at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra
